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 MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
DESCRIPTION
The M51971 is a semiconductor integrated circuit designed to control the motor rotating speed. The built-in FG amplifier with high gain enables to use a wide range of rotating speed detector (FG detector). Use of less external parts enables DC motors to be controlled with high precision.
PIN CONFIGURATION (TOP VIEW)
Non-inverted input Inverted input Amplifier output
1 2 3 4
FEATURES
qWide range of supply voltage * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 - 17.5V qVariation coefficient of supply voltage * * * * * 0.005%/V (standard) qLoad variation coefficient * * * * * 0.01% (standard, full load range) qTemperature coefficient of rotating speed * * * * 7ppm/C (standard) qBuilt-in high performance FG amplifier
Schmitt input Time constant Stabilized voltage GND Integration capacitance Output
M51971L
5 6 7 8 9
APPLICATION
Motor rotating speed control in floppy disk driver, player, tape recorder, car stereo, etc.
Power supply 10
Outline 10P5
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS
Supply voltage range * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 - 17.5V Rated supply voltage * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 9V Input voltage range at pin 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -0.4 - Vcc Note 1 Input voltage range at pin 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -0.4 - Vcc Highest setup tacho-generator frequency * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2.5kHz Minimum trigger pulse width (input pulse at pin 4 ) * * * * * * * * * * 40s Note 2 Note 1: The linear operation range is -0.4 to +0.4V. Note 2: This condition applies to both periods: from pulse rising to pulse falling and pulse falling to pulse rising.
Non-inverted input Inverted input Amplifier output Schmitt input Time constant
1
10 Power supply
M51971FP
2 3 4 5
9 8 7 6
Output Integration capacitance GND Stabilized voltage
Outline 10P2-C
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Amplifier Schmitt output intput 3 Operational amplifier 4 Schmitt comparator Timer Constant current control Over-shoot prevention circuit Time constant 5 Integration capacitance 8 Buffer amplifier 9 Output
VLS Non-inverted input Inverted input 1 1.9V 2
VLS
1.9V
Power supply 10
Stabilized supply voltage
7 GND
6 Stabilized voltage
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Ta=25C unless otherwise noted)
Symbol Vcc V1 I3 I6 V4 I9 PdF KF Topr Tstg Parameter Supply voltage Apply voltage at pin 1 Source current at pin 3 Source current at pin 6 Apply voltage at pin 4 Source current at pin 9 Power dissipation Thermal derating Operating temperature Storage temperature Ta25C Conditions Ratings 18 -3 - Vcc -5 -5 0 - Vcc -20 880 (M51971L) 450 (M51971FP) 8.8 (M51971L) 4.5 (M51971FP) -20 - +75 -40 - +125 Unit V V mA mA V mA mW mW / C C C
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Ta=25C, Vcc=9V unless otherwise noted)
Symbol VCC ICC VS I1 I2 V 1 LS AV I4 V 4 TH V 4 HY V5 S T I8C rCD R9 V 9 max V 9 min VBO Parameter Supply voltage range Circuit current Stabilized supply voltage Input current at pin 1 Input current at pin 2 Level shift voltage at pin 1 FG amplifier voltage gain Input current at pin 4 Threshold voltage at pin 4 Hysteresis width at pin 4 Saturation voltage at pin 5 One-shot pulse width Charging current at pin 8 Ratio of charging to discharging current at pin Output protection resistance at pin 9 Maximum voltage at pin 9 Minimum voltage at pin 9 Buffer amplifier offset voltage Test conditions Min. 4.0 Limits Typ. 3.2 2.71 -0.5 -30 1.89 59 0.4 16 37 3 395 -190 -11.6 100 3.2 50 100 Max. 17.5 6.0 2.98 Unit V mA V A nA V dB A mV mV mV sec A - V mV mV
8
Voltage at pin 6 2.44 V 1 = 0V -3.0 V 1 = 0V -180 V 1 = 0V 1.51 V 1 =0.2mVrms, f=500Hz, External set gain=60dB 54 V 4 = 2.5V Uses level shift voltage at pin 1 as the reference. 0 20 R = 75k R = 75k, C = 4700pF 375 V 8 = 1V -260 V 8 = 1V -14.5 I 9 = -20mA 65 2.9 V 8 = 1V, V 8 - V 9 0
2.27 64 2.0 40 55 20 415 -140 -9.0 150 200 200
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Derating (Maximum Rating)
1000 M51971L Power Dissipation Pd (mW) 800 Rotating speed N (rpm)
Rotating speed-Supply voltage characteristics
3005 No load
600 M51971FP 400
3000
200
0 0
25
50
75
100
125
2995
0
4
8
12
16
20
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
Supply voltage VCC (V)
Rotating speed-Motor torque characteristics
3005 VCC=9V Rotating speed N (rpm)
Rotating speed-Ambient temperature characteristics
3005 VCC=9V No load R, C Outside constant temperature bath
Rotating speed N (rpm)
3000
3000
2995 0 50 Torque T (g-cm) 100
2995 -50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
Circuit current-Supply voltage characteristics
5 5
Circuit current-Ambient temperature characteristics
Circuit current ICC (mA)
4 Circuit current ICC (mA) 0 4 8 12 16 20
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0 Supply voltage VCC (V)
0 -50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
FG amplifier open loop voltage gain, phase transition characteristics
100 (V)
LS
Revel shift voltage at pin 1 - Input voltage characteristics at pin 1
2.5
VCC=9V 80 Voltage gain AV (dB) 60 40 Phase (degree) Voltage gain
VCC=9V
Level shift voltage at pin 1 V 1
2.0
20 Phase 0 -20 10 100 1k 10k 100k Frequency FIN (Hz)
-90 -120 -150 1M
1.5
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0
0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0
1.2 1.4
Input voltage at pin 1 V 1 (V)
Level shift voltage at pin 1 - Ambient temperature characteristics
3.0 (V) 2.5 Voltage at pin 3 V 3 (V) 3 4
Voltage at pin 3 - Output current characteristics of pin 3
VCC=9V V 1 =0V
Level shift voltage at pin 1 V 1
LS
2.0 1.5
2
1.0 0.5 0 -50
1
-25
0
25
50
75
100
0 -15
-10
-5
0
5
3
10 (mA)
15
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
Output current at pin 3 I
Threshold voltage at pin 4 - Ambient temperature characteristics
50 (mV) 40 Threshold voltage at pin 4 (mV) 30 20 10 0 -10 OFF level -20 -30 -40 -50 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 ON level 40
Saturetion voltage at pin 5 -Sink current characteristics at pin 5
VCC=9V 30
Saturation voltage at pin 5 V 5
S
20
10
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
Sink current at pin 5 I 5 (mA)
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Stabilized voltage-Supply voltage characteristics
3.0 5
Stabilized voltage-ambient temperature characteristics
VCC=9V
Stabilized voltage VS (V)
2.8 Stabilized voltage VS (V) 24
4
2.6
3
2.4
2
2.2
2
2.0 0 4 8 12 16 20
1
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
Supply voltage VCC (V)
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
Stabilized voltage-Source current characteristics of pin 6
2.8 VCC=9V Stabilized voltage VS (V) Voltage at pin 8 V 8 (V) 4
Voltage at pin 8 - Input signal frequency characteristics
VCC=9V
3
2.7
2
1
2.6 0 1 2 3
6
4 (mA)
5
0 401.5
402.0
402.5
403.0
Source current at pin 6 I
Pin 8 - input signal frequency fIN (Hz)
Charging current at pin 8 - Ambient temperature characteristics
-300 (A) (A) VCC=9V -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 -50
c
Discharging current at pin 8 - Ambient temperature characteristics
30 VCC=9V 25 20 15 10 5 0 -50
Discharging current at pin 8 I 8
Charging current at pin 8 I 8
d
-25
0
25
50
75
100
-25
0
25
50
75
100
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
Ambient temperature Ta (C)
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Output voltage range at pin voltage characteristics
4 Output voltage range at pin 9 V 9 (V)
9
- Supply
160 Buffer amplifier offset voltage VBO (mV)
Buffer amplifier offset voltage - Voltage characteristics at pin 8
VCC=9V 120
3
80
2 Ta = -20C Ta = 25C 1 Ta = 75C
40
0
0 4 8 12 16 Supply voltage VCC (V)
-40
0
1
2
3
4
Voltage at pin 8 V 8 (V)
Application Characteristics Example
How to determine R and C
These constants determine the motor rotating speed. If the motor rotating speed and the number of poles of tacho-generator are assumed to be N and P, respectively, the following relational expression is generally established. According to the required rotating speed, select the constant in such a way that R can be put in the range of 10k - 500k. When using a high resistance, take care for leak current that may flow on the surface of the printed circuit board. NP 1 1.20 * R * C
100 90
10 0% Tacho-generator output frequency NP (Hz)
Tacho-generator output frequency - Connection resistance characteristics at pin
10000 7000 5000 3000 2000 1000
0. = C
1
Upper side : Motor speed (FV conversion waveform of tachogenerator frequency) Lower side : Supply voltage Horizontal axis : 20 ms/div Time constant of motor 100 ms
47 pF 00
0. 01
700
0.
F
2 02 F
500 300 200
7 04 F 1 0. F
10
20 30
50 70 100
200 300 500 1000
Connection resistance R (k) at pin 1 R (k)
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Brief Description on M51971 Operation Block Description
To pin 6 Amplifier output FG amplifier VLS Non-inverted input 1 Inverted input 2 D1 D2 Over-shoot prevention signal Over-shoot prevention circuit 206A I1 Q3 M Buffer H 9 I OP 100 CF1 CF2 RF Constant current control 8 Stabilized voltage 16A I2 6 G Logic for over-shoot prevention Q2 Stabilized power supply 7 GND VLS 1.9V E Timer output 10 Power supply D 1.9V
Operational amplifier
Schmitt input 4 Schmitt circuit A A'
Timer R C B Q1 Logic for timer C 15k 5 7.5k comparator
3
FG amplifier
The FG amplifier consists of an operational amplifier, revel shift circuit and diode for waveform clip. When a DC block capacitor is connected to pin 2 , output DC voltage at pin 3 becomes higher than DC voltage at pin 1 by VLS (1.9V3VBE). AC signals centering around the GND can be therefore amplified easily. The clipper diode limits the output signal amplitude to 0.7V (VBE) max. and rapidly charges DC block capacitor with power supply turned ON.
(190A) for the period without one-shot pulse and generates sink current of I2 (16A) for the period with one-shot pulse. The ratio of I1 to I2 is characteristic to the IC. The frequency of the tacho-generator to be set is determined by the one-short pulse width and this current ratio (I1 / I2 12.6). TG = T x I1 I1-I2 1.09 x T
Where: TG : Tacho-generator signal frequency (set value) T : One-short pulse width
Schmitt circuit
The Schmitt circuit is a comparator with histeresis, and has ON level of VLS + 20mV and OFF level of VLS - 20mV.
Over-shoot prevention circuit
The over-shoot prevention circuit operates when over-shoot is large in particular, e.g. the motor is suddenly released from lock status. Q3 is set to ON for the period of one-short pulse width (T) when the signal period of the tacho-generator in a motor is shorter than the one-shot pulse. Generally, electric charge of CF1 is discharged for this period due to RF * CF2 >>T.
Timer
The timer generates basic time necessary for controlling the speed. This timer is a one-shot circuit triggered with input signals and generates pulse of 1.1 C R in pulse width.
Buffer amplifier Constant current control circuit
The constant current control circuit is controlled with output of timer circuit. The circuit generates, at pin 8 , source current of I1 - I2 The buffer circuit is a voltage follower circuit using an operational amplifier. The input current is very small (10nA max.) and the circuit can drive the output current of 20mA.
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Input/Output Circuit Drawing
To pin 10 To pin 10
I To pin 6
2
3 100
Control signal 8 200 To pin 6 Control signal
2k 1 To pin 10 To pin 10 I 1k To pin 6 1k 2k 100 4 I 3k To the next stage 9 5 15k I 7.5k To pin 10
To pin 10 6
Timing Chart I. In normal operation II. Normal operation to rapid discharging operation
A, A' A, A' B B Approx 10S C D D E E F F G G C Approx 10S
H, I T TG TG 1.09T H, I
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Application Circuit Examples I. When the output impedance of the tachogenerator is low;
RS CS G 2 3 4 5 Rf RNF CNF R C 6 10 9 8 CF1 M : Motor G : Tacho-generator RF CF2 VCC
III. When the signal amplitude of the tachogenerator is large;
R1 G RNF CNF R C VCC
M
3 2 1
4
5
6
10 9 8
M
M51971L M51971FP
1 7
M51971L M51971FP
7 CF1
RF CF2
CS : Coupling capacitor for AC amplification RS, Rf : FG amplifier gain set resistance RNF, CNF : Filter for noise removal R, C : Time constant for motor speed setup CF1, CF2, RF : Phase compensation capacitance and resistance to stabilize integration and speed control systems Notes: 1. The signal amplitude of the tacho-generator for set motor rotating speed must be set to 1 mVP-P or more. 2. FG amplifier gain 1+2GCS2(RS+Rf)2 1+2GCS2RS2 G : Angle frequency of tacho-generator signal
In the above three examples, the portion over Vf (0.7V) of the output waveform at pin 3 is clipped in the built-in waveform clip diode.
IV. When the input waveform is pulse shape
Input pulse signal R C 4 5 6 10 9 8 CF1 RF CF2 VCC
M
3. The CS, RS, RNF and CNF values are desirable to be selected as follows: (Values omitted) CS4.7F 2 1 G CSRS G 1 RNF * CNF G
M51971L M51971FP
3 2 1 7
Note: The threshold voltage at pin
4
to GND is approx. 1.9V.
II. When the output impedance of the tachogenerator is high and the signal amplitude is small;
V. When turning the motor ON/OFF with control signals;
R VCC C M
RS CS 2 G 1
Rf
RNF CNF
R C
VCC
5
6
10 9
3
4
5
6
10 9
M 7
M51971L M51971FP
8
M51971L M51971FP
7 CF1 8
Control signal CF1 RF CF2 Q1 R1
RF CF2
When Q1 is set to ON : Stops the motor. When Q1 is set to OFF : Controls the motor rotating speed.
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
VI. To switch the set rotating speed in stages with control signals
Control signal 1 6 Control signal 2
VIII. To limit drive current to the motor
1)
R VCC C 5 6 10 R1 9 Q2 RF CF2 RSC 200 Q1 M IM
R1
M51971L M51971FP
R2 5
R3 C 7
M51971L M51971FP
8 CF1
7
0.7V VBE2 ~ IMmax = RSC ~ RSC
VII. Limiting output current at pin 9 to prevent the IC from heating
R VCC C 5 6 10 RSC 9 Q1 5 M C 6 10 R1 9 R2 7 CF1 V 9 max :V R 9 + RSC 8 RF CF2 R3 ) / RSC R2 + R3 Q2 R3 RSC 200 Q1 M R VCC IM
2) To reduce power loss due to a current limiting resistance
M51971L M51971FP
7 CF1 8 RF CF2
M51971L M51971FP
I
9
max =
9
max
~ ~ 3.2V, R
9
~ ~ 100
IMmax = (VBE2 - VBE1 x
(See the Electrical Characteristics and Typical Characteristics.)
0.7V x R2 ~ ~ (R2 + R3) * RSC
IX. Frequency comparator
Input/output transmission characteristics
R' C R' > 2R
Frequency input
VCC
R
4
10
6
5 Output 9 Schmitt circuit CF
M51971L M51971FP
7 8
Output voltage
fTH2 fTH1 Input frequency
Note: The selected Hysteresis of the Schmitt circuit must be more than or equal to the ripple current at pin 8 (to prevent chattering).
~ fTH1 ~ ~ fTH2 ~
1 1.20 x R * C 1 1.09 x R // R' x C x In 3(R + R') R' - 2R
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Hint for designing a stabilized speed control system
(Method for determining the filter constants (CF1, CF2 and RF) at pin 8 )
log GM (j)
The filter constants at pin system stability.
8
must be determined to satisfy the
1. Transfer Function of the Motor Speed Control System
M log Approximate motor transfer function Control circuit - GC (S) Motor GM (S)
Motor speed control system
3. Transfer Function of Control Circuit Using the M51971
If input information is assumed to be given continuously (the tachogenerator frequency is assumed to be infinitely high), the transfer function from the input at pin 4 to the output at pin 9 is as follows: GC(M51971)(S) = (output voltage at pin 9 ) (input frequency at pin 4 ) x 1 + S/F1 S(1 + S/F2)
***********
The motor speed control system is a negative feedback system including a control circuit and a motor. As the condition necessary for stable negative feedback, the phase must be generally 180 or less in the frequency area where the gain of open-loop transfer function (GC(S) * GM(S)) is 1 or more.
T ( I 8 C + I 8 d ) CF1 + CF2
(6)
2. Transfer Function of Motor
If the motor armature current and angular velocity are assumed to be la and v, respectively, the following equation is established. Tg = KT * la = (SJ+D) * v * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (1) Where: Tg : Torque generated in the motor KT : Proportional constant between the torque generated in the motor and the armature current J : Inertia moment of Motor and load D : Coefficient of viscosity friction If the number of poles in the tacho-generator is assumed to be P, the relation of = P * v exists between tacho-generator angular frequency and motor angular velocity v and, therefore, the motor transfer function (transfer function including motor and tacho-generator) GM(S) takes a single-pole transfer function as follows: GM(S) = P * KT = la D * (1+S * J ) D = KM S 1 + M
******************************
Where :
~ T : Timer pulse width ~ 1.10 x R x C l 8 C : Charging current at pin
8 8
l 8 d : Discharging current at pin F1 F2 1 RF * CF2 CF1 + CF2 RF * CF1 * CF2
If the gain of the circuit connected to the back of pin 9 of the M51971 is assumed to be KCP, transfer function GC(S) for the entire circuit is as follows: GC(S) = KCP x T ( I 8 C + I 8 d ) CF1 + CF2 x 1 + S/F1 S(1 + S/F2) (7)
*************
(2)
**********************************
(3)
log GC (j)
Where: KM = P * KT D M = D J
*****************************************
(4) (5)
********************************************
F1 log
F2
Approximate transfer function of control circuit
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
4. Necessity for stable control
Stable control requires the gain of GC(S) * GM(S) to be the phase characteristics of 180 or less in a frequency area of 1 or more. The relation of the phase and the gain is determined according to the Baud's theorem when all poles and zero points of the transfer function are placed at the left side of the complex sphere. If GC(j) * GM(j) follows the Baud's theorem, in a frequency area of | GC(j) * GM(j) | 1 the inclination of gain of GC(j) * GM(j) must be -12dB/oct or more for stable control. For the reason above, when the circuit constant is selected to achieve F1 M, and the inclination of the gain of each of GC(j) and GM(j) is -6dB/oct, that is, the following formula must be established with respect to the frequency of F2 where the inclination of the gain of GC(j) * GM(j) begins to be -12dB/oct. | GC(jF2) * GM(jF2) | < 1
*****************************
Where: G: Set value of tacho-generator frequency That is, extra phase delay of 2/G (radian) must be taken into account. That is, if the angular frequency satisfying | GC*(j) * GM*(j) | = 1 is assumed to be odB, the following relation must be established. G > 4 * odB * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (13) When this determines G, the possible gain of open-loop transfer function with M can be obtained. G | GC(jM) * GM(jM) | < 0.357 x M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (14) This formula (14) must be satisfied in the control system using the frequency of the tacho-generator regardless of the control system and indicates that the upper limit value of the control gain with M is inevitably determined when the motor and tacho-generator are determined. Improvement of the control precision in the rotating speed requires | Gc(jM) * GM(jM) | >> 1. The following formula must be therefore established. G 0.357 * M >> 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (15)
(8)
To make a precise control, the gain of open-loop transfer function must be large in the entire area of frequency. The variation of the motor rotating speed attenuates due to disturbance at an inclination of -6dB/oct with the frequency of M or more. The capability of rotating speed control in the frequency area from F1 to F2 is determined by the gain of open-loop transfer function at F1(M). The following formula is established with | GC(jF2) * GM(jF2) | < 1 and when the inclination of the gain of GC(j) * GM(j) is almost equal to -6dB/oct with the frequency of F2 or less. | GC(jM) * GM(jM) | < F2 F2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (9) F1 M Improvement of control precision in the frequency area from F1 to F2 requires the following conditions. F1 M F2 F1 >> 1
****************************************************
6. Conclusion
According to the theoretical consideration above, the design of speed control system making the best use of the characteristics of the motor is described as follows: (1) F1 1 M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (16) RF * CF2
If M sharply changes with motor load changed, a circuit constant is desirable to be set around minimum M. (2) F2 CF1 + CF2 1 G 4 RF * CF1 * CF2
**********************
(10) (11)
(17)
*****************************************************
The KCP or CF1 + CF2 value must be set to satisfy formulae (4) and (5).
As CF1 is smaller, influence by F2 becomes smaller, but the peak-to-peak value of the output pin waveform becomes larger and the drive waveform becomes closer to pulse shape. In most of design cases, both sides are therefore desirable to be equal. (3) Selection of gain constant Keeping the relation satisfying formulae (16) and (17) above, obtain a value for stable control by changing the KCP or CF1+CF2 value. If the motor set speed is divided into several stages, stage of lower speed is less stable. In this case, experiment must be made at lower speeds.
5. Influence on the Stability of Tacho-generator Frequency
The control system that is controlled with tacho-generator frequency, i.e. period, is a kind of sample hold system controlled with discrete information in the time axis. Addition of extra phase delay to sample hold operation makes the system more unstable. More precise transfer function H*(j) (GC*(j) * GM*(j)) taking the above operation into account is as follows, when H(j)(GC(j) * GM(j)) is assumed to be the transfer function where this operation is not taken into account: sin(/G) H*(j) = e (/G)
-j 2 G
n=-
H(j + jnG)
**************
(12)
MITSUBISHI
M51971L/FP
MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
(2) Finding M Though M is found by measuring the motor frequency response, this method generally takes a lot of time and labor. Measurement of step response can find rough values easily.
How to find rough value of motor transfer function
(1) Finding KM
Motor drive current
Tacho-generator frequency
Motor speed
63%
M t
KM =
Ia
=
2 f Ia
Motor drive current Ia
Supply step-shape current to the motor in static status, measure time M until the motor speed reaches 63% of the final speed and then find M by the following formula. 1 M = M
Plot the relation between the motor drive current and tachogenerator frequency to obtain the inclination.
*************************************************
(18)


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